(전문)저커버그 하버드 연설 "모두가 목표의식 갖는 세상 만들라"

마크 저커버그(33) 페이스북 설립자 겸 CEO가 25일(현지시간) 하버드대학교 졸업식에서 연설했다. 역대 연사 중 최연소다. 하버드 중퇴 12년만에 명예 박사학위도 받았다. 저커버그는 2004년 대학을 그만두고 실리콘 밸리에서 페이스북을 설립했다.

하버드 최고의 순간은 아내 프리실라 만난 것 #기회 균등 위해 "시간을 내어주라" 강조하기도

그는 이날 늘 입는 회색 티셔츠 대신 정장에 넥타이를 매고 연설에 임했다. 저커버그는 "제가 결코 하지 못한 무언가(졸업)을 이룬 여러분과 함께 해 영광"이라면서 "부모님은 여전히 내가 하버드에 합격한 걸 가장 자랑스럽게 여길 거라고 맹세할 수 있다"면서 가볍게 이야기를 시작했다. 하버드에서 최고의 순간은 그의 아내 프리실라 챈을 만난 것이라고 회상했다. 학교의 온라인 시스템을 해킹하는 바람에 퇴학 위기에 몰렸던 순간이었다.

"나는 그녀를 돌아보며 말했죠. 3일 안에 퇴학당할 거라 빨리 데이트를 해야 한다고."

결국 그는 퇴학당하는 대신 제 발로 걸어나갔고, 프리실라와 데이트를 시작했다면서 "하버드, 고마워"라고 말했다.

연설의 주제는 '목표(purpose)'였다. 자동화로 수천만개 일자리가 사라질 미래에는 기업가 정신이 더욱 요구된다고 강조하면서다.

"우리는 밀레니얼 세대입니다. 목표를 찾는 것만으로는 충분치 않습니다. 우리 세대의 도전은, 모든 사람들이 목표의식을 갖는 세상을 창조해야 한다는 것입니다."

그는 일례로 존 F 케네디 전 미국 대통령이 미항공우주국(NASA)을 방문했을 때의 일화를 들었다. 케네디가 빗자루를 든 잡역부에게 무얼 하고 있느냐고 묻자 "저는 인간을 달에 보내는 걸 돕고 있습니다"라고 답했다는 유명한 이야기다. 저커버그는 페이스북에서 일할 때 가장 힘들었던 순간은 프로젝트의 목표가 무엇인지 설명하지 못할 때였다면서, 위대한 프로젝트는 모든 이들에게 목표 의식을 갖게 만든다고 강조했다.

하버드대에서 연설한 마크 저커버그 페이스북 CEO. 하버드 자퇴생으로 신화를 쓴 그는 12년만에 모교에서 연설했다. [AP 연합뉴스]

저커버그는 하버드 졸업생들은 자신의 목표만 만드는 데 그칠 뿐 아니라 다른 이들을 위한 목표을 창출하는 데 힘을 기울여야 한다고 말했다. 목표란 일에서만 나오는 것도 아니라고 덧붙였다. 전세계 모든 사람을 위한 목표 의식을 창출하는 제 3의 길은 공동체를 건설하는 것이라면서, 그것이 바로 아내와 함께 자선 재단인 '챈 저커버그 이니셔티브'를 만들어 균등한 기회를 만드는 데 돈을 쏟아부은 이유라고 말했다. 그는 단지 돈에 대한 이야기는 아니라고 덧붙였다. 일주일에 한 두시간 정도, 누군가에 잠재력을 발휘할 수 있도록 손을 내밀어주면 된다고 말했다.

"프리실라는 하버드를 졸업하고 선생님이 됐습니다. 저한테도 수업을 해야 한다고 말했죠. 저는 '난 바빠. 회사를 운영하고 있다고'라고 불평했어요. 하지만 결국 지역 소년 소녀 클럽의 중학생 대상 기업가 정신프로그램에서 가르쳤죠."

저커버그는 아이들에게 제품 개발과 마케팅에 대한 교훈을 줬고, 아이들은 저커버그에게 자신들의 인종이 범죄자로 취급받고 가족이 감옥에 있는 게 어떤 느낌인지 가르쳐줬다고 한다.

"5년간 매달 그 아이들과 저녁을 먹었습니다. 첫 아이가 태어났을 때 그중 한명이 베이비샤워를 열어줬어요. 그리고 내년에 그들 모두 대학에 갑니다. 그들 가족 중에선 처음으로요."

그는 밀레니얼 세대가 "위대한 일"을 해야 할 때라면서 이민자 문제, 기후 변화, 일자리, 기본 소득, 인종 차별, 건강보험 등 정치적인 이슈를 언급했다. 저커버그는 "우리가 지구를 파괴하기 전에 기후 변화를 멈추고 수백만 명의 사람들이 태양열 패널을 설치는 게 어떨까요?"라며 기후 변화에 대한 대응을 촉구했다. 건강 데이터를 추적하고 게놈 정보를 공유하는 데 대해서는 "사람들이 병들지 않도록 (유전자) 치료에 투자하자"고 말했다.

온라인 투표를 통한 현대화된 민주주의, 맞춤화된 교육과 평생 교육, 합리적인 보육료, 단 한 명의 고용주에게만 의존하지 않는 건강보험, 낙인찍지 않는 사회, 소득 불평등 해소, 자동화기기와 자율주행 트럭 등의 화두를 잇따라 던졌다. 파이낸셜타임스(FT)는 저커버그가 정계에 진출할 생각은 없다고 누차 말해왔지만 이날 연설에 서 대통령직을 포함한 정치적 야심을 드러냈다고 보기도 했다.

마크 저커버그 페이스북 CEO. 하버드 자퇴생으로 신화를 쓴 그는 12년만에 모교에서 연설하고 명예 박사학위도 받았다. 왼쪽은 배우 제임스 얼 존스. [AP 연합뉴스]

저커버그는 한편, 영화 등의 대중문화 때문에 기술과 혁신에 대한 오해가 생긴다는 이야기도 꺼냈다. 한 순간에 '유레카!' 하고 아이디어가 떠오른다는 건, 좋은 아이디어의 씨앗을 지닌 사람들이 시작조차 못하게 만드는 위험한 거짓말이라는 것이다. 또한 "아무도 (영화처럼) 유리에 수학 공식을 쓰지 않는다"고 농담했다.

하지만 큰 아이디어를 만들어내기 위해서는 "오해 받을 준비가 되어있어야 한다"고 조언했다. 큰 그림을 가지고 일하는 누구라도 '말도 안 돼(crazy)'라는 말을 들을 수 있으며, 복잡한 문제와 관련해 일하는 사람은 "모든 것을 완전히 이해하지 못했다"는 비난을 받을 수 있다는 것이다. 그는 "내가 처음부터 사람을 연결하는 일에 대해 완전히 이해해야만 한다고 생각했다면 페이스북을 시작하지도 못했을 것"이라면서 처음부터 다 알고 시작하는 사람은 없다고 강조했다.

이경희 기자 dungle@joongang.co.kr

아래는 하버드 연설 전문.

President Faust, Board of Overseers, faculty, alumni, friends, proud parents, members of the ad board, and graduates of the greatest university in the world,

I'm honored to be with you today because, let's face it, you accomplished something I never could. If I get through this speech, it'll be the first time I actually finish something at Harvard. Class of 2017, congratulations!

I'm an unlikely speaker, not just because I dropped out, but because we're technically in the same generation. We walked this yard less than a decade apart, studied the same ideas and slept through the same Ec10 lectures. We may have taken different paths to get here, especially if you came all the way from the Quad, but today I want to share what I've learned about our generation and the world we're building together.

But first, the last couple of days have brought back a lot of good memories.

How many of you remember exactly what you were doing when you got that email telling you that you got into Harvard? I was playing Civilization and I ran downstairs, got my dad, and for some reason, his reaction was to video me opening the email. That could have been a really sad video. I swear getting into Harvard is still the thing my parents are most proud of me for.

What about your first lecture at Harvard? Mine was Computer Science 121 with the incredible Harry Lewis. I was late so I threw on a t-shirt and didn't realize until afterwards it was inside out and backwards with my tag sticking out the front. I couldn't figure out why no one would talk to me -- except one guy, KX Jin, he just went with it. We ended up doing our problem sets together, and now he runs a big part of Facebook. And that, Class of 2017, is why you should be nice to people.

But my best memory from Harvard was meeting Priscilla. I had just launched this prank website Facemash, and the ad board wanted to "see me". Everyone thought I was going to get kicked out. My parents came to help me pack. My friends threw me a going away party. As luck would have it, Priscilla was at that party with her friend. We met in line for the bathroom in the Pfoho Belltower, and in what must be one of the all time romantic lines, I said: "I'm going to get kicked out in three days, so we need to go on a date quickly."

Actually, any of you graduating can use that line.

I didn't end up getting kicked out -- I did that to myself. Priscilla and I started dating. And, you know, that movie made it seem like Facemash was so important to creating Facebook. It wasn't. But without Facemash I wouldn't have met Priscilla, and she's the most important person in my life, so you could say it was the most important thing I built in my time here.

We've all started lifelong friendships here, and some of us even families. That's why I'm so grateful to this place. Thanks, Harvard.

Today I want to talk about purpose. But I'm not here to give you the standard commencement about finding your purpose. We're millennials. We'll try to do that instinctively. Instead, I'm here to tell you finding your purpose isn't enough. The challenge for our generation is creating a world where everyone has a sense of purpose.

One of my favorite stories is when John F Kennedy visited the NASA space center, he saw a janitor carrying a broom and he walked over and asked what he was doing. The janitor responded: "Mr. President, I'm helping put a man on the moon".

Purpose is that sense that we are part of something bigger than ourselves, that we are needed, that we have something better ahead to work for. Purpose is what creates true happiness.

You're graduating at a time when this is especially important. When our parents graduated, purpose reliably came from your job, your church, your community. But today, technology and automation are eliminating many jobs. Membership in communities is declining. Many people feel disconnected and depressed, and are trying to fill a void.
As I've traveled around, I've sat with children in juvenile detention and opioid addicts, who told me their lives could have turned out differently if they just had something to do, an after school program or somewhere to go. I've met factory workers who know their old jobs aren't coming back and are trying to find their place.

To keep our society moving forward, we have a generational challenge -- to not only create new jobs, but create a renewed sense of purpose.

I remember the night I launched Facebook from my little dorm in Kirkland House. I went to Noch's with my friend KX. I remember telling him I was excited to connect the Harvard community, but one day someone would connect the whole world.

The thing is, it never even occurred to me that someone might be us. We were just college kids. We didn't know anything about that. There were all these big technology companies with resources. I just assumed one of them would do it. But this idea was so clear to us -- that all people want to connect. So we just kept moving forward, day by day.

I know a lot of you will have your own stories just like this. A change in the world that seems so clear you're sure someone else will do it. But they won't. You will.

But it's not enough to have purpose yourself. You have to create a sense of purpose for others.

I found that out the hard way. You see, my hope was never to build a company, but to make an impact. And as all these people started joining us, I just assumed that's what they cared about too, so I never explained what I hoped we'd build.

A couple years in, some big companies wanted to buy us. I didn't want to sell. I wanted to see if we could connect more people. We were building the first News Feed, and I thought if we could just launch this, it could change how we learn about the world.

Nearly everyone else wanted to sell. Without a sense of higher purpose, this was the startup dream come true. It tore our company apart. After one tense argument, an advisor told me if I didn't agree to sell, I would regret the decision for the rest of my life. Relationships were so frayed that within a year or so every single person on the management team was gone.

That was my hardest time leading Facebook. I believed in what we were doing, but I felt alone. And worse, it was my fault. I wondered if I was just wrong, an imposter, a 22 year-old kid who had no idea how the world worked.
Now, years later, I understand that *is* how things work with no sense of higher purpose. It's up to us to create it so we can all keep moving forward together.

Today I want to talk about three ways to create a world where everyone has a sense of purpose: by taking on big meaningful projects together, by redefining equality so everyone has the freedom to pursue purpose, and by building community across the world.

First, let's take on big meaningful projects.

Our generation will have to deal with tens of millions of jobs replaced by automation like self-driving cars and trucks. But we have the potential to do so much more together.

Every generation has its defining works. More than 300,000 people worked to put a man on the moon – including that janitor. Millions of volunteers immunized children around the world against polio. Millions of more people built the Hoover dam and other great projects.

These projects didn't just provide purpose for the people doing those jobs, they gave our whole country a sense of pride that we could do great things.

Now it's our turn to do great things. I know, you're probably thinking: I don't know how to build a dam, or get a million people involved in anything.

But let me tell you a secret: no one does when they begin. Ideas don't come out fully formed. They only become clear as you work on them. You just have to get started.

If I had to understand everything about connecting people before I began, I never would have started Facebook.
Movies and pop culture get this all wrong. The idea of a single eureka moment is a dangerous lie. It makes us feel inadequate since we haven't had ours. It prevents people with seeds of good ideas from getting started. Oh, you know what else movies get wrong about innovation? No one writes math formulas on glass. That's not a thing.

It's good to be idealistic. But be prepared to be misunderstood. Anyone working on a big vision will get called crazy, even if you end up right. Anyone working on a complex problem will get blamed for not fully understanding the challenge, even though it's impossible to know everything upfront. Anyone taking initiative will get criticized for moving too fast, because there's always someone who wants to slow you down.

In our society, we often don't do big things because we're so afraid of making mistakes that we ignore all the things wrong today if we do nothing. The reality is, anything we do will have issues in the future. But that can't keep us from starting.

So what are we waiting for? It's time for our generation-defining public works. How about stopping climate change before we destroy the planet and getting millions of people involved manufacturing and installing solar panels? How about curing all diseases and asking volunteers to track their health data and share their genomes? Today we spend 50x more treating people who are sick than we spend finding cures so people don’t get sick in the first place. That makes no sense. We can fix this. How about modernizing democracy so everyone can vote online, and personalizing education so everyone can learn?

These achievements are within our reach. Let's do them all in a way that gives everyone in our society a role. Let's do big things, not only to create progress, but to create purpose.

So taking on big meaningful projects is the first thing we can do to create a world where everyone has a sense of purpose.

The second is redefining equality to give everyone the freedom they need to pursue purpose.

Many of our parents had stable jobs throughout their careers. Now we're all entrepreneurial, whether we're starting projects or finding or role. And that's great. Our culture of entrepreneurship is how we create so much progress.
Now, an entrepreneurial culture thrives when it's easy to try lots of new ideas. Facebook wasn't the first thing I built. I also built games, chat systems, study tools and music players. I'm not alone. JK Rowling got rejected 12 times before publishing Harry Potter. Even Beyonce had to make hundreds of songs to get Halo. The greatest successes come from having the freedom to fail.

But today, we have a level of wealth inequality that hurts everyone. When you don't have the freedom to take your idea and turn it into a historic enterprise, we all lose. Right now our society is way over-indexed on rewarding success and we don't do nearly enough to make it easy for everyone to take lots of shots.

Let's face it. There is something wrong with our system when I can leave here and make billions of dollars in 10 years while millions of students can't afford to pay off their loans, let alone start a business.

Look, I know a lot of entrepreneurs, and I don't know a single person who gave up on starting a business because they might not make enough money. But I know lots of people who haven't pursued dreams because they didn't have a cushion to fall back on if they failed.

We all know we don't succeed just by having a good idea or working hard. We succeed by being lucky too. If I had to support my family growing up instead of having time to code, if I didn't know I'd be fine if Facebook didn't work out, I wouldn't be standing here today. If we're honest, we all know how much luck we've had.

Every generation expands its definition of equality. Previous generations fought for the vote and civil rights. They had the New Deal and Great Society. Now it's our time to define a new social contract for our generation.

We should have a society that measures progress not just by economic metrics like GDP, but by how many of us have a role we find meaningful. We should explore ideas like universal basic income to give everyone a cushion to try new things. We’re going to change jobs many times, so we need affordable childcare to get to work and healthcare that aren't tied to one company. We're all going to make mistakes, so we need a society that focuses less on locking us up or stigmatizing us. And as technology keeps changing, we need to focus more on continuous education throughout our lives.

And yes, giving everyone the freedom to pursue purpose isn't free. People like me should pay for it. Many of you will do well and you should too.

That's why Priscilla and I started the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative and committed our wealth to promoting equal opportunity. These are the values of our generation. It was never a question of if we were going to do this. The only question was when.

Millennials are already one of the most charitable generations in history. In one year, three of four US millennials made a donation and seven out of ten raised money for charity.

But it's not just about money. You can also give time. I promise you, if you take an hour or two a week -- that's all it takes to give someone a hand, to help them reach their potential.

Maybe you think that's too much time. I used to. When Priscilla graduated from Harvard she became a teacher, and before she'd do education work with me, she told me I needed to teach a class. I complained: "Well, I'm kind of busy. I'm running this company." But she insisted, so I taught a middle school program on entrepreneurship at the local Boys and Girls Club.

I taught them lessons on product development and marketing, and they taught me what it's like feeling targeted for your race and having a family member in prison. I shared stories from my time in school, and they shared their hope of one day going to college too. For five years now, I’ve been having dinner with those kids every month. One of them threw me and Priscilla our first baby shower. And next year they’re going to college. Every one of them. First in their families.

We can all make time to give someone a hand. Let's give everyone the freedom to pursue their purpose -- not only because it's the right thing to do, but because when more people can turn their dreams into something great, we're all better for it.

Purpose doesn't only come from work. The third way we can create a sense of purpose for everyone is by building community. And when our generation says "everyone", we mean everyone in the world.

Quick show of hands: how many of you are from another country? Now, how many of you are friends with one of these folks? Now we're talking. We have grown up connected.

In a survey asking millennials around the world what defines our identity, the most popular answer wasn't nationality, religion or ethnicity, it was "citizen of the world". That's a big deal.

Every generation expands the circle of people we consider "one of us". For us, it now encompasses the entire world.
We understand the great arc of human history bends towards people coming together in ever greater numbers -- from tribes to cities to nations -- to achieve things we couldn't on our own.

We get that our greatest opportunities are now global -- we can be the generation that ends poverty, that ends disease. We get that our greatest challenges need global responses too -- no country can fight climate change alone or prevent pandemics. Progress now requires coming together not just as cities or nations, but also as a global community.

But we live in an unstable time. There are people left behind by globalization across the world. It's hard to care about people in other places if we don’t feel good about our lives here at home. There’s pressure to turn inwards.
This is the struggle of our time. The forces of freedom, openness and global community against the forces of authoritarianism, isolationism and nationalism. Forces for the flow of knowledge, trade and immigration against those who would slow them down. This is not a battle of nations, it's a battle of ideas. There are people in every country for global connection and good people against it.

This isn't going to be decided at the UN either. It's going to happen at the local level, when enough of us feel a sense of purpose and stability in our own lives that we can open up and start caring about everyone. The best way to do that is to start building local communities right now.

We all get meaning from our communities. Whether our communities are houses or sports teams, churches or music groups, they give us that sense we are part of something bigger, that we are not alone; they give us the strength to expand our horizons.

That's why it's so striking that for decades, membership in all kinds of groups has declined as much as one-quarter. That's a lot of people who now need to find purpose somewhere else.

But I know we can rebuild our communities and start new ones because many of you already are.
I met Agnes Igoye, who's graduating today. Where are you, Agnes? She spent her childhood navigating conflict zones in Uganda, and now she trains thousands of law enforcement officers to keep communities safe.

I met Kayla Oakley and Niha Jain, graduating today, too. Stand up. Kayla and Niha started a non-profit that connects people suffering from illnesses with people in their communities willing to help.

I met David Razu Aznar, graduating from the Kennedy School today. David, stand up. He’s a former city councilor who successfully led the battle to make Mexico City the first Latin American city to pass marriage equality -- even before San Francisco.

This is my story too. A student in a dorm room, connecting one community at a time, and keeping at it until one day we connect the whole world.

Change starts local. Even global changes start small -- with people like us. In our generation, the struggle of whether we connect more, whether we achieve our biggest opportunities, comes down to this -- your ability to build communities and create a world where every single person has a sense of purpose.

Class of 2017, you are graduating into a world that needs purpose. It's up to you to create it.

Now, you may be thinking: can I really do this?
Remember when I told you about that class I taught at the Boys and Girls Club? One day after class I was talking to them about college, and one of my top students raised his hand and said he wasn't sure he could go because he's undocumented. He didn't know if they'd let him in.

Last year I took him out to breakfast for his birthday. I wanted to get him a present, so I asked him and he started talking about students he saw struggling and said "You know, I'd really just like a book on social justice."
I was blown away. Here's a young guy who has every reason to be cynical. He didn't know if the country he calls home -- the only one he's known -- would deny him his dream of going to college. But he wasn't feeling sorry for himself. He wasn't even thinking of himself. He has a greater sense of purpose, and he's going to bring people along with him.

It says something about our current situation that I can't even say his name because I don't want to put him at risk. But if a high school senior who doesn't know what the future holds can do his part to move the world forward, then we owe it to the world to do our part too.

Before you walk out those gates one last time, as we sit in front of Memorial Church, I am reminded of a prayer, Mi Shebeirach, that I say whenever I face a challenge, that I sing to my daughter thinking about her future when I tuck her into bed. It goes:
"May the source of strength, who blessed the ones before us, help us *find the courage* to make our lives a blessing."

I hope you find the courage to make your life a blessing.
Congratulations, Class of '17! Good luck out there.